The smart grid, also known as the “highway†of the power grid, is one of the most cutting-edge new energy industries in the world. It has become a hot spot for many developed countries to compete in research and development. The United States is the earliest proponent of the smart grid concept and the earliest practitioner of the development of smart grids. After years of development, it has accumulated some successful experiences.
The US smart grid, also known as the unified smart grid, refers to the integration of a decentralized smart grid into a nationwide network system. This system mainly includes the following: Unified smart grid to realize the intelligentization of U.S. power grids, addressing the needs of distributed energy systems, linking customer power with intelligent networks of long and short distances and high and low voltages; and constructing new ones on the premise of protecting the environment and ecosystems. The power transmission grid, to achieve the optimal transmission and distribution of renewable energy, improve the reliability and cleanliness of the power grid; this system can balance the needs of inter-state electricity, to achieve nationwide power optimization scheduling, monitoring and control, so as to achieve the United States as a whole The power demand management, to achieve the balance of renewable energy provided by the United States across regions. The other core of this system is to solve the storage of solar energy, hydrogen energy, hydroelectric energy, and vehicle electrical energy. It can help users sell excess power, including resolving the sale of surplus energy from the battery system to the grid. In fact, this system is based on the United States' renewable energy and realizes the optimal management of the US's power generation, transmission, distribution, and power systems.
The U.S. development of smart grids focuses on power distribution and electricity use, promotes the development of renewable energy, and focuses on business model innovation and customer service enhancement. Its four components are: high-temperature superconducting network, power storage technology, renewable energy and distributed system integration (RDSI) and the realization of transmission reliability and security control systems. The essence of this grid development strategy is to develop and transform Entering the “next generation†power grid system, the core of its strategy is to break through the smart grid in advance, and then build renewable energy and distributed system integration (RDSI) and power storage technologies, and finally integrate high-temperature superconducting networks.
US smart grid development status According to the US Department of Energy data, although the current US grid reliability rate is as high as 99.97%, the United States still needs to spend 150 billion US dollars annually to make up for the 0.03% failure rate. Therefore, the United States has proposed that even if we invest trillions of dollars in upgrading the existing power grid into a smart grid and exclude the remaining 0.03% failure rate, the United States will be able to recover its costs within 10 years.
In February 2009, the "Economic Recovery Plan" issued by President Barack Obama proposed to invest 11 billion U.S. dollars to build a new generation of smart grids that can be installed with various control devices. The U.S. Department of Commerce and the Department of Energy have jointly issued the first batch of industry standards for smart grids, and the U.S. smart grid project was officially launched. The new U.S. government adopted the smart grid project as one of the key pillars of its green economy revitalization plan. President Obama sees the smart grid as a key measure to reduce user energy spending, achieve energy independence, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As the distribution system enters the computer age, modern digital power grids will reduce US energy consumption by 10%, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25%, and save $80 billion in new plant costs. According to a study conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Northwest Pacific National Laboratory, using only a digital meter to set home temperature and integration price information can reduce energy consumption by 15% per year.
The U.S. government has focused on the development of smart grids and has focused on the development of core technologies and set out development plans. In order to attract all parties to jointly promote the construction of smart grids, the U.S. government has actively formulated the “Smart Grid R&D Inter-annual Project Plan for 2010-2014†to comprehensively set up smart grid R&D projects to further promote the development and application of technologies in this field. (1) Research and development projects in the field of technology. It mainly focuses on sensor technology, power grid communication integration and security technology, advanced parts and accessories systems, advanced control methods and advanced system layout technologies, decision-making and operation support, including the establishment of "home delivery level", "low consumption", The concept of "secure communications", development of distribution systems and client-side sensing system technologies, development of interconnection technologies between the power grid and automobiles, and development of safe, efficient and reliable protection in the process of creating high-permeability energy distribution and charging network conditions And control technologies, development of operational support tools and technologies. (2) R&D projects in the field of modeling. It mainly focuses on establishing the power grid, from power generation to transportation, and then from transportation to distribution, including its operation conditions, distribution costs, smart grid assets, and model building of various impacts resulting from grid operation, including the establishment of electricity. Smart grid components and operation models for distribution engineering, establishing quasi-constant and dynamic response dimensionality reduction models for smart grid power transmission and power generation systems, and developing and demonstrating integration of communication network models, wholesale market models, and renewable energy models.
To promote the construction of smart grids, the United States has actively explored the establishment of related institutions. Functionally, the following categories are generally included: (1) Policy formulation and consultation. In accordance with the requirements of the U.S. government, the Department of Energy has established a SmartGrid-Advisory Committee dedicated to research in the smart grid field to provide advice for policy formulation. The committee's responsibilities are: to the relevant officials on the development of smart grids, the application and service of smart grid technologies, the development and reform of smart grid technologies and use standards and protocols (to support the interconnection of smart grid devices), and the use of the federal government What kind of incentives to promote development in these areas and other aspects provide advice. In practice, this task is performed by the Electricity Advising Committee (Electricity Advi-sory Committee). (2) Coordination, organization and operation. The Department of Energy also established a smart grid task force (SmartGrid Task Force). The team is headed by the Department of Energy's Power Supply and Energy Reliability Office (OE), with experts from the US Department of Energy (DOE), the Department of Commerce (DOC), the Department of Defense (DOD), and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Seven federal agencies include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), and the Department of Agriculture (USDA). Its main tasks are to ensure, coordinate, and integrate various activities within the federal government in smart grid technologies, practices, and services. Its specific functions include: research and development of smart grids; promotion of smart grid standards and protocols; between smart grid technology practices and electronic utility regulations, and between infrastructure development, system reliability and safety, and power supply and power demand Coordination of the relationship between electricity, power transmission, power distribution, and power policies. The team maintained its effective operation through government funding between 2008 and 2020.
Smart grid construction is a huge project that is costly and time-consuming. The development of standards before the formal implementation of the project and the improvement of evaluation systems are crucial for the large-scale deployment of smart grids. The U.S. government requires the United States Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to be the competent authority to establish smart grid related agreements and standards to improve the flexibility of smart grid equipment and system applications, and to require the US Department of Energy to implement smart grid R&D and deployment Formulate relevant evaluation methods to assess the effectiveness of energy conservation, R&D projects and implementation of various aspects of work. In addition, the research content of the establishment of the standards development and evaluation system is also involved in the "2010-2014 Yearly Plan for Smart Grid R&D Projects." The U.S. Department of Energy considers the importance of standard setting for all aspects such as electronic and telecommunication interconnection, grid integration, grid coordination, unified testing, and promotion and operation, and cooperates with NIST on the development and maintenance of grid interconnection, integration, collaboration, and compliance. A national and international standard R&D project that is safe and able to conduct unified inspection procedures in energy distribution. The R&D projects in the evaluation system are mainly focused on the evaluation of smart grid deployment and investment processes, evaluation of the energy efficiency impact of energy management equipment used in client facilities, evaluation of government-issued commercial policies and rules, and development of new components and system protocols. And methods for testing and evaluation, consumer learning, and evaluation of various government implementation projects (including demand response projects, on-site power generation projects, plug-in electric vehicle projects, energy storage projects, and energy efficiency improvement projects).
The smart grid in the United States is going to miniaturize California was the first place in the United States to propose the development of smart grids. However, the pace of its upgrading has been slow. This makes people wonder: Will California achieve 33% of its electricity supply from renewable energy by 2020? ? The intermittent use of renewable energy sources is difficult to adapt to traditional grids that use a centralized and unified approach to power transmission. The concept of a miniature smart grid came into being.
The concept of a micro-smart grid was first introduced by California Calvin Power Innovation. The company's president, John Kelly, said that the micro-smart grid is a repositioning of electricity services. It enables electricity suppliers and electricity consumers to communicate together during the design and planning of electrical equipment to achieve maximum win-win results.
Alternatives to microgrids or power suppliers The majority of smart grids that are being built today cannot generate and store enough power for direct grid connection and must be connected through a connection device. In fact, the smart grid has to maintain a stable and complex relationship with the electricity supplier, regulate electricity by buying and selling electricity, connecting to and disconnecting from the grid, and decompressing the grid. The electricity supplier can also use it for energy-saving projects to mobilize backup power during peak periods of electricity use.
With these mini-networks, power operators can narrow their distance from research institutes and enterprises in schools and help them find the best way to manage distributed power transmission. The integration of renewable energy into the micro-grid is relatively simple, and the stored energy is also seen by the electricity supplier. The equipment needed for an ordinary smart grid is too heavy to install, so the microgrid is the simplest alternative.
Universities and military favor mini-smart grids Many U.S. colleges and universities have announced that they will implement mini-grid projects. Particularly worth mentioning is Howard University in Washington, DC. The school has just signed an agreement with Pareto Energy to develop a device that can generate electricity and heat for the campus. Pareto plans to invest 15 million to 20 million U.S. dollars to transform the school's central system for a period of two years.
The University of San Diego, California also promotes microgrids. The university is recognized as one of the world’s most advanced micro-grids and is expected to have a scale of 1,200 acres. It can supply 450 houses and involve 45,000 users. The research project is part of the "Community Renewable Energy Security" project led by the California Energy Commission. The purpose of the research project is to test the situation of local energy, especially renewable energy on campus. The school installed two 13.5 MW gas turbines, one 3 MW steam engine and a 1.2 MW photovoltaic power plant to meet 82% of the school's electricity needs.
In addition, the US military has a soft spot for micro-smart grid technology. The military is attempting to install a solar micro-grid at Hunter Ligt Fort, located adjacent to the US military base in central California. The installed capacity of this system is 1 megawatt, and the estimated cost is 5 million to 10 million US dollars. Even if the foggy weather caused a decrease in power generation efficiency, 1 MW would also satisfy the electricity demand of 200 houses for a year. The micro-grid can ensure local energy security, provide local power supply during power outages, and reduce the cost of redistributing power to the main grid during peak periods. With its own storage function and transmission equipment, the grid has become more reliable and safer, and reduced its dependence on the outside world. This is the most critical advantage of the military base.
Obstacles to the application of micro-grid still need to promote micro-grid on a large scale. There are still many challenges. The most important obstacles remain at the technical level, that is, it is difficult to synchronize with the conventional grid. In order to allow the power generated to go online, the voltage, frequency, and power must be controlled. Even micro-grid equipment must comply with existing standards in order to maintain balance in the grid load. Due to the dependence on local power supply, storage devices have become the most critical component of the micro-grid. Current energy storage methods are very expensive. Once energy storage devices are installed, maintenance costs will be pushed up.
The US smart grid, also known as the unified smart grid, refers to the integration of a decentralized smart grid into a nationwide network system. This system mainly includes the following: Unified smart grid to realize the intelligentization of U.S. power grids, addressing the needs of distributed energy systems, linking customer power with intelligent networks of long and short distances and high and low voltages; and constructing new ones on the premise of protecting the environment and ecosystems. The power transmission grid, to achieve the optimal transmission and distribution of renewable energy, improve the reliability and cleanliness of the power grid; this system can balance the needs of inter-state electricity, to achieve nationwide power optimization scheduling, monitoring and control, so as to achieve the United States as a whole The power demand management, to achieve the balance of renewable energy provided by the United States across regions. The other core of this system is to solve the storage of solar energy, hydrogen energy, hydroelectric energy, and vehicle electrical energy. It can help users sell excess power, including resolving the sale of surplus energy from the battery system to the grid. In fact, this system is based on the United States' renewable energy and realizes the optimal management of the US's power generation, transmission, distribution, and power systems.
The U.S. development of smart grids focuses on power distribution and electricity use, promotes the development of renewable energy, and focuses on business model innovation and customer service enhancement. Its four components are: high-temperature superconducting network, power storage technology, renewable energy and distributed system integration (RDSI) and the realization of transmission reliability and security control systems. The essence of this grid development strategy is to develop and transform Entering the “next generation†power grid system, the core of its strategy is to break through the smart grid in advance, and then build renewable energy and distributed system integration (RDSI) and power storage technologies, and finally integrate high-temperature superconducting networks.
US smart grid development status According to the US Department of Energy data, although the current US grid reliability rate is as high as 99.97%, the United States still needs to spend 150 billion US dollars annually to make up for the 0.03% failure rate. Therefore, the United States has proposed that even if we invest trillions of dollars in upgrading the existing power grid into a smart grid and exclude the remaining 0.03% failure rate, the United States will be able to recover its costs within 10 years.
In February 2009, the "Economic Recovery Plan" issued by President Barack Obama proposed to invest 11 billion U.S. dollars to build a new generation of smart grids that can be installed with various control devices. The U.S. Department of Commerce and the Department of Energy have jointly issued the first batch of industry standards for smart grids, and the U.S. smart grid project was officially launched. The new U.S. government adopted the smart grid project as one of the key pillars of its green economy revitalization plan. President Obama sees the smart grid as a key measure to reduce user energy spending, achieve energy independence, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As the distribution system enters the computer age, modern digital power grids will reduce US energy consumption by 10%, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25%, and save $80 billion in new plant costs. According to a study conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Northwest Pacific National Laboratory, using only a digital meter to set home temperature and integration price information can reduce energy consumption by 15% per year.
The U.S. government has focused on the development of smart grids and has focused on the development of core technologies and set out development plans. In order to attract all parties to jointly promote the construction of smart grids, the U.S. government has actively formulated the “Smart Grid R&D Inter-annual Project Plan for 2010-2014†to comprehensively set up smart grid R&D projects to further promote the development and application of technologies in this field. (1) Research and development projects in the field of technology. It mainly focuses on sensor technology, power grid communication integration and security technology, advanced parts and accessories systems, advanced control methods and advanced system layout technologies, decision-making and operation support, including the establishment of "home delivery level", "low consumption", The concept of "secure communications", development of distribution systems and client-side sensing system technologies, development of interconnection technologies between the power grid and automobiles, and development of safe, efficient and reliable protection in the process of creating high-permeability energy distribution and charging network conditions And control technologies, development of operational support tools and technologies. (2) R&D projects in the field of modeling. It mainly focuses on establishing the power grid, from power generation to transportation, and then from transportation to distribution, including its operation conditions, distribution costs, smart grid assets, and model building of various impacts resulting from grid operation, including the establishment of electricity. Smart grid components and operation models for distribution engineering, establishing quasi-constant and dynamic response dimensionality reduction models for smart grid power transmission and power generation systems, and developing and demonstrating integration of communication network models, wholesale market models, and renewable energy models.
To promote the construction of smart grids, the United States has actively explored the establishment of related institutions. Functionally, the following categories are generally included: (1) Policy formulation and consultation. In accordance with the requirements of the U.S. government, the Department of Energy has established a SmartGrid-Advisory Committee dedicated to research in the smart grid field to provide advice for policy formulation. The committee's responsibilities are: to the relevant officials on the development of smart grids, the application and service of smart grid technologies, the development and reform of smart grid technologies and use standards and protocols (to support the interconnection of smart grid devices), and the use of the federal government What kind of incentives to promote development in these areas and other aspects provide advice. In practice, this task is performed by the Electricity Advising Committee (Electricity Advi-sory Committee). (2) Coordination, organization and operation. The Department of Energy also established a smart grid task force (SmartGrid Task Force). The team is headed by the Department of Energy's Power Supply and Energy Reliability Office (OE), with experts from the US Department of Energy (DOE), the Department of Commerce (DOC), the Department of Defense (DOD), and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Seven federal agencies include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), and the Department of Agriculture (USDA). Its main tasks are to ensure, coordinate, and integrate various activities within the federal government in smart grid technologies, practices, and services. Its specific functions include: research and development of smart grids; promotion of smart grid standards and protocols; between smart grid technology practices and electronic utility regulations, and between infrastructure development, system reliability and safety, and power supply and power demand Coordination of the relationship between electricity, power transmission, power distribution, and power policies. The team maintained its effective operation through government funding between 2008 and 2020.
Smart grid construction is a huge project that is costly and time-consuming. The development of standards before the formal implementation of the project and the improvement of evaluation systems are crucial for the large-scale deployment of smart grids. The U.S. government requires the United States Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to be the competent authority to establish smart grid related agreements and standards to improve the flexibility of smart grid equipment and system applications, and to require the US Department of Energy to implement smart grid R&D and deployment Formulate relevant evaluation methods to assess the effectiveness of energy conservation, R&D projects and implementation of various aspects of work. In addition, the research content of the establishment of the standards development and evaluation system is also involved in the "2010-2014 Yearly Plan for Smart Grid R&D Projects." The U.S. Department of Energy considers the importance of standard setting for all aspects such as electronic and telecommunication interconnection, grid integration, grid coordination, unified testing, and promotion and operation, and cooperates with NIST on the development and maintenance of grid interconnection, integration, collaboration, and compliance. A national and international standard R&D project that is safe and able to conduct unified inspection procedures in energy distribution. The R&D projects in the evaluation system are mainly focused on the evaluation of smart grid deployment and investment processes, evaluation of the energy efficiency impact of energy management equipment used in client facilities, evaluation of government-issued commercial policies and rules, and development of new components and system protocols. And methods for testing and evaluation, consumer learning, and evaluation of various government implementation projects (including demand response projects, on-site power generation projects, plug-in electric vehicle projects, energy storage projects, and energy efficiency improvement projects).
The smart grid in the United States is going to miniaturize California was the first place in the United States to propose the development of smart grids. However, the pace of its upgrading has been slow. This makes people wonder: Will California achieve 33% of its electricity supply from renewable energy by 2020? ? The intermittent use of renewable energy sources is difficult to adapt to traditional grids that use a centralized and unified approach to power transmission. The concept of a miniature smart grid came into being.
The concept of a micro-smart grid was first introduced by California Calvin Power Innovation. The company's president, John Kelly, said that the micro-smart grid is a repositioning of electricity services. It enables electricity suppliers and electricity consumers to communicate together during the design and planning of electrical equipment to achieve maximum win-win results.
Alternatives to microgrids or power suppliers The majority of smart grids that are being built today cannot generate and store enough power for direct grid connection and must be connected through a connection device. In fact, the smart grid has to maintain a stable and complex relationship with the electricity supplier, regulate electricity by buying and selling electricity, connecting to and disconnecting from the grid, and decompressing the grid. The electricity supplier can also use it for energy-saving projects to mobilize backup power during peak periods of electricity use.
With these mini-networks, power operators can narrow their distance from research institutes and enterprises in schools and help them find the best way to manage distributed power transmission. The integration of renewable energy into the micro-grid is relatively simple, and the stored energy is also seen by the electricity supplier. The equipment needed for an ordinary smart grid is too heavy to install, so the microgrid is the simplest alternative.
Universities and military favor mini-smart grids Many U.S. colleges and universities have announced that they will implement mini-grid projects. Particularly worth mentioning is Howard University in Washington, DC. The school has just signed an agreement with Pareto Energy to develop a device that can generate electricity and heat for the campus. Pareto plans to invest 15 million to 20 million U.S. dollars to transform the school's central system for a period of two years.
The University of San Diego, California also promotes microgrids. The university is recognized as one of the world’s most advanced micro-grids and is expected to have a scale of 1,200 acres. It can supply 450 houses and involve 45,000 users. The research project is part of the "Community Renewable Energy Security" project led by the California Energy Commission. The purpose of the research project is to test the situation of local energy, especially renewable energy on campus. The school installed two 13.5 MW gas turbines, one 3 MW steam engine and a 1.2 MW photovoltaic power plant to meet 82% of the school's electricity needs.
In addition, the US military has a soft spot for micro-smart grid technology. The military is attempting to install a solar micro-grid at Hunter Ligt Fort, located adjacent to the US military base in central California. The installed capacity of this system is 1 megawatt, and the estimated cost is 5 million to 10 million US dollars. Even if the foggy weather caused a decrease in power generation efficiency, 1 MW would also satisfy the electricity demand of 200 houses for a year. The micro-grid can ensure local energy security, provide local power supply during power outages, and reduce the cost of redistributing power to the main grid during peak periods. With its own storage function and transmission equipment, the grid has become more reliable and safer, and reduced its dependence on the outside world. This is the most critical advantage of the military base.
Obstacles to the application of micro-grid still need to promote micro-grid on a large scale. There are still many challenges. The most important obstacles remain at the technical level, that is, it is difficult to synchronize with the conventional grid. In order to allow the power generated to go online, the voltage, frequency, and power must be controlled. Even micro-grid equipment must comply with existing standards in order to maintain balance in the grid load. Due to the dependence on local power supply, storage devices have become the most critical component of the micro-grid. Current energy storage methods are very expensive. Once energy storage devices are installed, maintenance costs will be pushed up.
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