Overview:
1. Brief description of automotive electrical systems In recent years, with the continuous increase of automobile functions and the increasing requirements of system reliability, more and more electronic control units (ECUs) have been introduced into automobile design, and electrical systems in automobiles have changed. It has become more and more complicated and has become the core of the automotive system assembly. Usually, the electrical system of a car is divided into two parts: a power supply system and a power supply device. Power supply system refers to the general name for generating, distributing and transmitting electrical energy devices to electrical equipment. It includes generators, batteries, wiring harnesses, switches and relays, etc. It has the characteristics of low voltage and direct current. Automotive electrical equipment refers to equipment that requires power supply in automotive electrical systems, such as starters, air conditioners, audio, headlights, ABS, etc. The required electrical energy is supplied by two power sources, namely: generator and battery. It has a single-wire power supply feature, that is, all power devices are connected in parallel. The positive pole of the battery and the generator and the electrical equipment are connected by only one wire, and the negative pole of the power supply is connected to the chassis of the automobile, commonly known as the negative grounding. The metal body such as the engine body, the automobile frame and the body is used as a public. Current loop. The following figure shows a block diagram of the electrical system of a car (see Figure 1). 
figure 1
The power supply in the car is the supply voltage of the low-voltage circuit, which belongs to the safe voltage range, and its rated voltage is 6V, 12V, 24V. At present, gasoline vehicles generally use 12V power, while diesel vehicles use 24V power. The ignition system and starting system of the automobile engine are both powered by the battery, and the battery is a DC power supply. Therefore, the battery must also be charged by direct current. The silicon rectifying alternator commonly used in automobiles is essentially a three-phase synchronous alternator that is rectified by a silicon diode to provide a DC charging current.
The generator is driven by the car engine. When the car is in normal operation, the generator is the main power supply in the car, supplying all the electric equipment except the starter, and transferring the excess electric energy to the battery. Charging, so that the battery is always in a good state of charge. The battery is the auxiliary power supply of the power supply system. When the engine is in starting or low speed operation, the generator can not generate electricity or the voltage generated is very low. At this time, the electric energy required for the ignition system and other electric equipment is completely supplied by the battery. At the same time, when the power required by the electric device exceeds the power output by the generator, the battery and the generator jointly supply power to the electric device.
In the case of generator power supply, there is a very high pulse current in the power system. As different consumers use or turn off, the pulse current in each load changes accordingly. Therefore, the requirements for the power supply system are: under the conditions of various working conditions of the vehicle, the power supply to the electrical equipment can be reliably guaranteed; each component must meet the requirements of the basic technical conditions of the electrical equipment of the automobile and its special technical conditions.
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