LoRaWAN terminal introduces the characteristics of sensors, actuators, and actuators

This article provides an overview of the key components in LoRaWAN technology, including sensors, actuators, and their associated terminal devices. Sensors are central to LoRaWAN networks, collecting and transmitting data efficiently. Actuators, on the other hand, are responsible for executing commands and often require precise timing calibration. These devices are typically designed for applications that demand reliable power sources.

Different use cases have varying technical requirements, which is why LoRaWAN categorizes End Nodes into three distinct classes. Each class offers a balance between battery life, wake-up delay, and communication capabilities. Understanding these differences helps users select the most suitable option for their specific application.

1. Characteristics of the Three Types of Terminals

LoRaWAN terminal introduces the characteristics of sensors, actuators, and actuators

2. Class A

Class A is the most commonly used type in LoRaWAN networks. The End Node sends data packets based on its own schedule, which can be received by one or more Gateways. After a short delay of about one second, the strongest Gateway responds using the same frequency and data rate as the uplink. If the End Node successfully receives the downlink in Rx slot 1, it will not open Rx slot 2. Otherwise, it will activate the second receive window at 505.3MHz with SF12/125kHz (as per China's regulations).

Class A is highly energy-efficient since the device only wakes up for transmission and two receive windows. However, this means that the LoRaWAN Server can only send data downstream after the End Node has sent an upstream message.

LoRaWAN terminal introduces the characteristics of sensors, actuators, and actuators

3. Class B

Class B End Nodes synchronize their internal clocks by receiving periodic Beacon signals from the Gateway every 128 seconds. During the intervals between Beacons, the End Node opens several "ping slots" for potential downlink communication. If the Gateway’s preamble is detected during one of these slots, the full downlink packet can be received.

The number of ping slots can be adjusted depending on the device’s power level and the application’s needs, allowing for a balance between energy efficiency and responsiveness.

LoRaWAN terminal introduces the characteristics of sensors, actuators, and actuators

4. Class C

Class C is specifically designed for high-power actuators such as smart sockets and remote-controlled switches. Unlike Class A and B, Class C remains in a constant receive mode, allowing the server to communicate with the device at any time. This makes it ideal for applications where real-time control is essential.

In addition to sending data and receiving in Rx slot 1, Class C also listens in Rx slot 2, ensuring continuous connectivity and low latency for downstream communications.

LoRaWAN terminal introduces the characteristics of sensors, actuators, and actuators

GPON EPON OLT

PON( Passive Optical Network) is combined by three parts: OLT ( Optical Line Terminal), ODN ( Optical Distribution Network), and ONT (Optical Network Terminal) or ONU ( Optical Network Unit). Presently, Runtop mainly offers the (Ethernet passive optical network) EPON OLT and (Gigabit Passive Optical Networks) GPON OLT. OLTs are devices used for fiber optic access networks. They are all third-layer devices in the network and belong to the network layer of the network. They both adopts a point-to-multipoint network technology that provides broadband access to end users through fiber optic cables.
GPON OLT: GPON is based on the ITU-TG.984x standard for passive optical networks (PON). GPON uses wavelength division multiplexing technology for data transmission, allocating different data streams to different wavelengths, thereby achieving higher bandwidth and lower interference. GPON also supports TDM (time division multiplexing) and WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) technologies, making it flexible in different application scenarios.
GPON technology is able to support downstream rates of up to 2.5Gbps and upstream rates of 1.25Gbps, providing users with high-speed and stable network access services. It support max. 1:128 splitter ratio per PON port. We also have the XG-PON OLT, XGS-PON OLT. It complies with international standards ITU-T G.987(XG-PON) and ITU-T G.9807 (XGS-PON). The max splitter ratio per PON port: 1:256 (Maximum), 1:128 (Recommended).
XG-PON posrt speed Upstream 2.488Gbps, Downstream 9.953Gbps
XGS-PON port speed Upstream 9.953Gbps, Downstream 9.953Gbps
EPON OLT: EPON is based on the IEEE 802.3 standard for passive optical networks(PON). EPON adopts the Ethernet standard and uses TDMA technology for data transmission, with low latency and a simpler network structure. EPON is generally considered to be more applicable in small networks.
EPON technology supports downstream and upstream rates of 1.25Gbps. It is able to support max. 1:64 splitter ratio per PON port. We also have the 10G EPON OLT which is standardized in IEEE 802.3av and is evolved from the EPONstandard IEEE802.3ah. The maximum split ratio is 1:256. The 10G EPON Speed Rate and Wavelength: 10Gbps 1577nm TX, 10Gbps 1270nm RX.

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Shenzhen Runtop Technology Co.LTD , https://www.runtoptech.com

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