With the development of radio and television technology and the update of radio and television equipment, a series of tremendous changes have occurred in the field of television. New technologies and systems such as conference television, VCD, DVD, digital television, and high-definition television (HDTV) are rapidly moving. Into our lives. Compared with traditional analog TV, the outstanding feature of these new systems is the use of fully digital image / sound processing technology. For different application fields, a series of corresponding digital video and audio coding standards have also been quickly formulated and continuously improved, including: H.261 for conference TV and videophone, JPEG for still image compression, MPEG-1 for VCD, MPEG-2 for broadcast TV, DVD and HDTV, MPEG-4 for network TV, etc. At the same time, digital studio standards and digital TV quality evaluation standards were also formulated.
Digital TV Digital TV can be explained from the perspective of program content, technology and users. From the perspective of user viewing, the programs that users watch with IRD or digital TV receiver (DVB interface) are digital TV programs in the true sense; according to the source of program content, digital TV programs can be TV programs or movies From a technical point of view, digital TV programs can be films and TVs that are digitally filmed, produced, stored, broadcasted, and transmitted, or they can be films and TVs made by digitally processing previously stocked information pieces.
Digital TV transmission methods Digital TV programs can be transmitted to the user's receiving end using different technologies in different media. The transmission methods of digital TV mainly include satellite, ground transmission, HFC network, SDH, etc., among which SDH is mainly used for long-distance transmission of digital TV programs.
Since China ’s digital TV standards are based on the transplantation of the European digital video broadcasting standard (DVB, described by ISO / ICE 13818), there are currently three types of DVB-C, DVB-T, and DVB-S being promoted and used. . DVB-S (QPSK modulation) is adopted for digital TV satellite broadcasting; DVB-T (OFDM modulation) is adopted for terrestrial wireless transmission digital television broadcasting; DVB-C (QAM modulation) is adopted for terrestrial HFC network digital television broadcasting. China has completed the digital transformation of radio and television satellite transmission, and has formed a digital TV satellite broadcasting network based on DVB-S technology. The experimental broadcast of DVB-T is being prepared, and it is the main coverage of digital TV broadcasting in China. The DVB-C method has been vigorously promoted in the HFC network.
Digital TV coding technology At present, MPEG has issued four official international standards for moving picture and sound coding, which are called MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 and MPEG-7.
1. MPEG-1 encoding The MPEG-1 standard is to achieve compression encoding of moving images and sound in digital storage media, with a coding rate of up to 1.5Mb / s, and the formal specification of the standard is in ISO / IEC11172. The input image format supported by MPEG-1 is SIF format. SIF has two formats of 525/625: 352 × 240 × 30 and 352 × 288 × 25. MPEG-1 is an open, unified standard and has achieved great success in commerce. Although its image quality is only equivalent to the quality of VHS video and cannot meet the requirements of broadcast level, it has been widely used in home video products such as VCD.
2. MPEG-2 encoding MPEG-2 standard is: for the digital TV and high-definition TV in various applications of the compression scheme and the detailed provisions of the system layer, coding rate 3Mb / s ~ 100Mb / s, the standard formal The specification is in ISO / IEC13818. MPEG-2 is not a simple upgrade of MPEG-1. MPEG-2 has made more detailed regulations and further improvements in terms of system and transmission. MPEG-2 is particularly suitable for the encoding and transmission of broadcast-grade digital TV, and is recognized as the encoding standard for SDTV and HDTV. MPEG-2 also specifies the multiplex method of multiplex programs. In addition, MPEG-2 also takes into account the problem of adaptation to ATM cells.
The MPEG-2 video coding standard is a hierarchical series, which is divided into four "Levels" according to the resolution of the encoded image; and five "Profiles" according to the set of coding tools used. Several combinations of "level" and "class" form a subset of the MPEG-2 video coding standard under a specific application: for a certain input format image, a specific set of compression coding tools is used to generate a code within a specified rate range flow.
We know that the current analog TV has the problem of coexistence of the three major systems of PAL, NTSC and SECAM. Therefore, the input format standard of digital TV tries to unify these three systems to form a unified digital studio standard. This standard is CCIR601, now known as the ITU-RRec.BT601 standard. The four input image format "levels" in MPEG-2 are based on this standard. The pixels in the low level input format are 1/4 of the ITU-RRec.BT601 format, that is, 352 × 240 × 30 (representing the image frame rate of 30 frames per second, and the number of effective scanning lines of each image frame is 240 , Each row has 352 effective pixels), or 352 × 288 × 25. The input image format of the main level (Main Level) above the low level fully conforms to the ITU-RRec.BT601 format, that is, 720 × 480 × 30 or 720 × 576 × 25. Above the main level is the HDTV range, which is basically 4 times the ITU-RRec.BT601 format, in which the 1440 high (High-1440Level) image aspect ratio is 4: 3, the format is 1440 × 1080 × 30, high (High The image aspect ratio of Level) is 16: 9, and the format is 1920 × 1080 × 30.
Among the five "classes" of MPEG-2, a higher "class" means that more encoding toolsets are used to process the encoded image more finely, and a better image quality will be obtained at the same bit rate. Of course, the cost of implementation is also greater. In addition to the lower-level coding tools, higher-level codes also use some additional tools that are not used by the lower-level codes. Therefore, in addition to being able to decode images encoded by this type of method, decoders of higher classes can also decode images encoded by lower class methods, that is, MPEG-2 "classes" have backward compatibility. Simple profile (Simple Profile) uses minimal coding tools. In addition to using all simple coding tools, the Main Profile also adds a two-way prediction method. SNR Scalable Profile (SNR Scalable Profile) and Spatially Scalable Profile (SpaTIally Scalable Profile) provide a multi-level broadcast method, which divides the image coding information into a basic information layer and one or more secondary information layers . The basic information layer contains information essential for image decoding. The decoder can decode based on the basic information, but the image quality is poor. The secondary information layer contains the details of the image. Stronger protection of the basic information layer during broadcasting makes it have stronger anti-interference ability. In this way, when the distance is close and the reception conditions are good, the basic information and the secondary information can be received at the same time, and high-quality images are restored; while the conditions are farther away and the reception conditions are worse, the reception can still be received. To the basic information, restore the image, so as not to cause decoding interruption. The high profile is actually used when the bit rate is higher and higher image quality is required. In addition, the first four classes process the color difference signals sequentially line by line when processing Y, U, and V. Provides the possibility to process color difference signals simultaneously.
The current standard digital TV uses MP @ ML main class and main level, while HDTV uses MP @ HL main class and high level.
3. MPEG-4 encoding The MPEG-4 standard is: video encoding has undergone changes from H.261, MPEG-1 to MPEG-2. It is already a fairly complete system standard for broadcasting, but it is still insufficient for communication and computer applications. Therefore, the system layer of MPEG-4 expands the transmission multiplexing layer (TransMux) on the basis of the original ES stream multiplexing layer (FlexMux), including almost all multimedia, storage media and communication interfaces, such as (RTP) UDP IP , PES MPEG-2 TS, AAL ATM, H223 PSTN, DABMux, etc. It makes the MPEG-4 system widely used. In terms of information sources, instead of simply compressing continuous images and sounds, it is a detailed decomposition and description of the images and sounds, introducing the concept of "Objects" in the computer into MPEG-4. Separately compress the background and text, and even restore the image and sound by means of parameter-controlled comprehensive synthesis, which greatly improves the efficiency. Such as the synthesis of the announcer's face animation, text-to-speech speech synthesis, etc., the decoding process can be extended to the zooming of the object, and the complex scene of the object transparency adjustment with a channel. That is, in addition to natural images, traces of artificial synthesis, creation and processing have been added. There are also great changes in the class and level of MPEG-4. For video content, it is divided into natural video content, natural and synthetic mixed image content. The categories of natural video content are divided into five categories: simple video category for mobile communications; simple scalable video category for software decoding with quality-rated Internet; core video category, supplementing simple video category Encoding of arbitrary shape and time-scaling objects for Internet multimedia applications; main video class, supplementing interlacing, translucent and sub-picture object coding for core video classes, for interactive multimedia-quality broadcasting and DVD applications; N -Bit video class, to adjust the sample quantization depth of core video class objects, there can be 4 to 12 bit quantized core video class for monitoring and other applications. There are four types of mixed natural image mixed video content: simple facial animation video class, scalable texture video class, basic animation 2D texture video class and mixed video class. There are two types of graphics: 2D graphics and complete graphics. There are five types of scene descriptions: simple scenes, 2D scenes, virtual reality module language (VRML) scenes, audio scenes, and complete scenes. The types of audio are: voice class, low bit rate synthesis audio class, scalable audio class and main audio class. The level is to classify the bit rate, sampling rate, image resolution and complexity. There can be no classes without levels, but some classes have only one level. MPEG-4 currently has version 1 and version 2, which will include object-based spatial scalability. Examples of MPEG-4 version 2 applications are HomeNet Processing Laboratory and progressive-scan high-definition television encoders, which use MPEG-4 spatial scalability to encode 1080 lines of 60-frame progressive-scan high-definition television, and MPEG-4 spatial scalability The performance is usually better than MPEG-2 / 4 single layer encoding, and the required frame memory is 12.5% ​​less, and 1080P is easily down-converted to 1080I and 720P. This experiment reduces the transmission rate of high-quality 1080P / 60 To 18Mb / s.
4. MPEG-7 encoding The MPEG-7 standard is: MPEG-7 is not a source coding standard, but a description standard for content and objects in order to better manage and reuse content, which requires content To give an accurate description, this is Meta Data. The so-called metadata is the data that describes the characteristics of the data, because in the view of the transmission system and the processing system, both video, audio and data are data and must be described. For example, the SMPTE / EBU bitstream program material exchange coordination standard is used to describe audio and video materials, and the content description standard for program exchange. MPEG-4 is used for object content identification description (OCI: Object Content IdenTIfiers), used in audio and video databases to describe the data of various materials and other applications. The standard used by MPEG-7 to describe content can be divided into formal and informal elements. Its formal basic elements are: Descriptors, DescripTIon Schemes, DescripTIon and Coded Description. Informal basic elements are: Descriptor Value, Features, Description, and Coded Description. Current applications mainly include program production management and program resource management, related materials in the database until the retrieval of related audio and video objects, business-to-terminal interactive services, copyright recognition, and self-generated databases. The production and application of metadata will promote the construction of program production tools. A little further away from the content is the Application Programming Interface (API: Application Programming Interface). API is the interface between the application and the bottom layer of the device, such as a set-top box with CPU, input and output devices, memory, graphics engine, MPEG decoding, etc. These low-level devices are controlled by application software such as transfer protocols, virtual machines, browsers, and application software implements human-machine dialogue. The realization of the set-top box function and its application range are directly related to the API, so countries and standards organizations attach great importance to it. The earliest effort in this area was MHEG (Multimedia and Hypermedia Information Coding Expert Group), which is an interpreted language that provides classes of objects that can be used in set-top boxes so that they can display frequently used shapes and text, provide interaction or timing , Or a scene connected to another scene, or a certain part of a scene to start an application, etc.
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