Military simulation technology is a comprehensive system that relies on the principles of similarity, information technology, and systems engineering. It leverages computers and various physical devices to test actual or conceptual systems using their models. This advanced field integrates knowledge from multiple high-tech domains, including computer science, networking, graphics, multimedia, software engineering, data processing, and automation. As an essential tool in scientific and technological progress, especially in military applications, simulation plays a vital role in the development of high-precision weapon systems. Countries around the world continuously refine their simulation methods to enhance the efficiency of new weapon development. The application of military simulation in areas such as demonstration, testing, training, maintenance, and improvement has been widely recognized for its ability to improve performance, reduce physical testing, shorten development cycles, cut costs, and enhance training effectiveness.
Globally, military simulation technology has evolved significantly. The U.S. Department of Defense has long prioritized modeling and simulation as a key national defense technology. Since 1992, it has launched several initiatives, such as the "Defense Modeling and Simulation Initiative" and the "Modeling and Simulation Master Plan," emphasizing the importance of simulation in maintaining military superiority. These efforts have led to the development of five levels of enabling technologies, ranging from basic components like software tools and environmental models to integrated systems for training and testing. Many of these technologies are sourced from commercial markets, while others, such as combat simulations and environmental modeling, are developed internally by the military. Mathematical models form the foundation of simulation, and their accuracy directly impacts the reliability of results. For complex systems like missiles, semi-physical simulations are often used to achieve better precision, even if they come at a higher cost.
In Europe, organizations like NATO have also invested heavily in simulation research, establishing working groups and special interest groups to explore future simulation concepts and tools. In China, military simulation has seen over four decades of development, with significant advancements since the 1990s. Key achievements include the establishment of simulation centers, the development of specialized simulation languages, and the creation of hardware prototypes for infrared and video image conversion. These technologies have been applied across various military platforms, reducing the need for live tests and improving system performance. According to statistics, simulation has shortened missile development by 20–40%, saved 10–30% in testing costs, and reduced torpedo trials by up to 80%. By 1995, the economic benefits of simulation in China reached over 500 million RMB.
Environmental simulation remains a critical component of military applications, involving the modeling of terrain, weather, electromagnetic interference, and other dynamic factors. Distributed simulation technology, which allows real-time interaction between different systems, has revolutionized joint combat training. Virtual reality (VR) is another key area, offering immersive environments for training and design. The U.S. government has supported numerous VR projects, such as the Synthetic Theater of War and the Virtual Cockpit, aiming to enhance decision-making and operational efficiency. Overall, military simulation continues to evolve, driven by the need for more accurate, efficient, and cost-effective solutions in modern warfare.
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