Selected Works of Weapons and Equipment
Part III: Drone Research Report
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The development of drones
The drone system consists primarily of aircraft (controlled by autonomous or remote controls), sensors/payloads, command and control data links, operator workstations, and ground support equipment required for launch/recycle. Up to now, most of the drones have been deployed for military operations and special operations, but the trend of gradually applying to the civilian sector has become increasingly apparent.
Armed drones or drones such as the Predator and Reaper carrying the AGM-114 Hellfire air-to-surface missile developed by General Atomics. Combat aircraft with strong practical capabilities. Predator drones are remotely controlled by operators located up to 12,000 km away via satellite data links.
On the other hand, the Global Hawk drone developed by Northrop Grumman, which runs almost completely autonomously and sends real-time feedback, requires only a “takeoff and landing†command. Technological advances have enabled more features and small unmanned aerial systems (SUAS) to be deployed to the battlefield.
As a result, the role of drones has expanded to include combat missions, suppression and/or destruction of enemy air defenses, electronic warfare, network nodes or communication relays, battle search and rescue, and combinations thereof.
As advanced technologies continue to emerge, the capabilities of drone systems are growing.
Today, a drone can perform a range of tasks, including combating missions, suppressing enemy air defenses, search and rescue, and electronic warfare.
The German V-type bomb during the Second World War was the first unmanned weapon projection system. Although many unmanned weapons were developed during the war, they were not put into use.
The earliest concept of combat drones was proposed by the American inventor Dr. L. D. Forest (LD Forest). At the time, the idea was raised in an article published in the 1940 issue of Popular Mechanics magazine and sparked discussion.
The modern military drone was the brainchild of nuclear physicist John Stuart Foster Jr., and the US Defense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA) adopted his plan and built it in 1971. Two prototypes. The advent of modern autopilots, better navigation technology and flawless communication links has put the driverless system into practical use. The high risk of someone driving a reconnaissance plane has accelerated the overall development of the drone program.
UAVs have briefly appeared in military operations in Vietnam. In the 1982 Bekaa valley operation, Israel demonstrated for the first time the use of drones for real-time surveillance, electronic warfare and bait operations. In the Iran-Iraq war in the late 1980s, Iran first used armed drones to launch air-to-ground rockets in war. U.S. drones have appeared in Bosnian military operations. In the Gulf War of 1991, the US Navy deployed the Pioneer drone jointly developed by the United States and Israeli aerospace industry company Malate. During the Iraq war, drones became household names, and their successful operations in Afghanistan made them permanent in the sky.
The use of drone intelligence, reconnaissance, and Surveillance (ISR) has led to the installation of more advanced payloads. The combination of command and control capabilities and the means of transmitting large amounts of data makes drones a powerful platform. Today's UAS (Unmanned Aerial Systems, UAS) in size from a few ounces to passenger MAV scale, to complete a series of tasks. If the pilot walks out of the cockpit, there is no need to install onboard personnel support and interface systems, and human risk factors will disappear. As aerodynamic performance increases, weight and total cost also decrease. It also allows for an amazing increase in battery life. Soon, the terms "remote control aircraft", "Remotely Piloted Vehicle" (RPV), "Remotely Piloted Aircraft" (RPA), and even "UAV system" are used. Both the Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization prefer to retain the term "aircraft" so that the same rules can be applied.
There are currently more than 60 countries in the world using drones, and many countries can manufacture drones themselves.
The United States is a leader in the field of drones, with more than 10,000 drones in use, more than the number of drones in other parts of the world. The number of UAVs in the US Armed Forces has exceeded the number of manned aircraft. During the military operations at the theater level in Afghanistan, drones flew nearly 200,000 hours a year. The United States is the world's dominant producer of drones, followed by Israel. General Atomics, Northrop Grumman, Israel Aerospace Industries, and Elbit Systems are leading manufacturers of drones. Harpy drones, Harop drones, Searcher drones and Heron unmanned by Israel Aerospace Industries Machines have sprung up around the world, including in India. The Hermes 450 attacked the UAV with two missiles. Micro-UAVs of a few millimeters are used to fly through small areas such as rooms or shelters to snoop video and audio. The drone is currently operating at a height of 65,000 feet with a range of up to 5,600 kilometers and a battery life of several days. Most drones are fixed-wing aircraft, but rotor-wing drones (RUAVs), such as the MQ-8B "Fire Scouts" drone developed by Northrop Grumman, are also used. More and more civil applications, such as remote sensing, forestry and land management, coastal policing, environmental monitoring, logistics services used by FedEx and UPS, are becoming increasingly popular. There is now a civil drone operator registration association.
The US Air Force's 2030 UAV Vision document predicts that every conceivable aircraft function, including airlift, airborne early warning aircraft, and anti-air strikes, can be handled by the drone fleet. In 2020, the United States will have more than 100 "Global Hawk" drones. Although some people fly more than 90% of the funds, the drone system is still the focus of future development, and the number will continue to increase.
With the intense debate between manned and unmanned, the value of driverless technology has become more apparent. The proliferation and success of drones has led people to question the future utility of manned aircraft. This situation is even more pronounced due to defense budget cuts and competition for scarce resource demand. In 2010, the Pentagon first purchased more drones than manned aircraft. UAVs have become a powerful component of any air force weaponry and an indispensable weapon in the global war on terrorism. The advantages of both manned and unmanned systems can be exploited. In a confrontational environment, the manned system is better. In that environment, command and control are limited, autonomy is required, and policy restrictions exist. Elsewhere, the remote-controlled aviation system will dominate.
"The drone has a bright future and is becoming more popular and practical, but no machine can replicate human discoveries and situational awareness," said Vinod Pani, former deputy chief of staff of the Indian Air Force and current director of the Air Force Research Center. (Vinod Patney) Lieutenant General said. Today's technology is sufficient to enable drones to make independent and complex judgments in an unknown environment, but this must be linked to manual judgment on the ground. Data links can be rejected or spoofed. Today, cyberattack threats are more effective than al-Qaeda. Even if the delay of command is not fatal, it can lead to serious threats. All drone data is analyzed and interpreted by humans. So, until today, drones are only flying in non-confrontational airspace. As the US military focus shifts to the Asia-Pacific region, the US Air Force may face enemy fighters in an unfriendly sky, and some people are still confused about the fact that drones are still unable to cope with this situation.
From a technical point of view, the accident rate of drones is still high.
The US Air Force drone accident rate was 0.9 times in 10,000 hours, which was much higher than the 10,000 hours of manned aircraft. The drone lost too much during the landing phase or due to a data link failure. But the safety record of drones is rapidly increasing. Automatic landings and more secure data links will soon make them more secure. The Global Hawk UAV is a Category 3 high-altitude long-endurance drone that costs about $75 million and is more expensive than many modern fighters. The collateral damage caused by drone attacks continues to be as high as 32%. When a large number of civilians were killed in such an attack, the United States almost lost the friend of Pakistan. According to reports, every time an unmanned aircraft kills an armed person, it kills 50 Pakistani civilians, and the hit rate is only 2%.
The drone has been able to take off and land on its own, including on a mobile aircraft carrier (the X-47B drone developed by Northrop Grumman). Autonomous aerial refueling will allow drones to be on duty for up to several months, allowing them to take on all tasks from combat to cargo transportation, analyst Dan Parsons said.
The United States has converted F-4 fighters and F-16 fighters into remote-controlled driving.
In France, Dassault is leading a multinational “Neuron†delta-wing drone project that is about the size of a Mirage 2000 fighter.
The British "Taranis" Strategic Unmanned Air Vehicle (SUAVE) project is led by BAE Systems, Inc., GE Aviation, Rolls-Royce and QinetiQ participate. The drone will be an autonomous supersonic stealth bomber with an intercontinental voyage.
The US Department of Defense is also studying hypersonic (6-20 Mach) aeronautical devices that have completed the target attack within one hour of the target. The US Air Force's new long-range strike bomber is likely to be a manned bomber. Lockheed Martin and Boeing are likely to work together to develop the project. Northrop Grumman will be the second bidder. The response plan specification response will be completed by the end of 2014.
The UAS Roadmap describes the dramatic transformation of the US Army's almost unmanned flight in the next three decades.
The US Air Force's vision document, the US Air Force UAV System Flight Plan System 2009-2047, says that by 2047, every task, including heavy-duty transportation, will be unmanned.
Admiral N.V. Tejay, former deputy chief of staff of the Indian Air Force, believes that “significant changes are beneficial to unmanned systems. Due to budgetary constraints, only the United States and Israel have been able to allocate resources for R&D. As these machines will continue to perform The same basic function, which can only mean replacing people with processors. This conversion can be simple and smooth.†UAVs have become too attractive and too powerful military assets, so that no major big country can ignore . The turning point is now. In fiscal 2011, the US Air Force was equipped with 255 active Global Hawk, Predator, and Death drones. By 2017, this number is expected to grow to 420. In 2011, the number of UAV-trained drone operators in the United States surpassed the total number of trained fighter pilots and bomber pilots for the first time in history. The Sea Ghost shipborne air surveillance and attack drone developed by Lockheed Martin looks more like a stealth bomber and is expected to carry a pylon with a weight of 1,000 pounds. The Phantom Eye drone developed by Boeing was used as an eye over the battlefield. It is a high-altitude long-haul (HALE) drone that can fly continuously for four days in the sky.
UAVs are not only used by the Army and the Air Force. The US Navy has also invested heavily in the development of various types of UAV systems, including: Wide Area Marine Surveillance (BAMS) UAVs, Unmanned Aircraft Verification Machines (UCAS-D). Vertical takeoff and landing tactical drones (VTUAS), small tactical drones (STUAS) and non-stealing drones carried by aircraft carriers.
Shipborne drones are widely recognized by navies around the world for their low cost, small size, flexible operational use, high cost-effectiveness, and the avoidance of casualties. In the Gulf War of 1991, the "Wizington" and "Missouri" battleships, with the outstanding performance of their drones, fully utilized the firepower of the 406mm cannon, causing great losses to the Iraqi army. The ship-borne drones show the world a broad prospect for naval warfare. It is foreseeable that the drone will become an irreplaceable and important part of the future shipborne weapon system.
UAVs not only prove their worth in the military. According to the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 195 companies worldwide produce about 600 models of drone systems. Solar drones will be one of the major technological advances in the near future. A dual-purpose, replaceable aircraft is being developed that can quickly switch from manned to unmanned. The "Raven", "Puma AE" and "Wasp" UAV systems developed by AeroViro nment Company are the most difficult conditions for small UAV systems. The tasks that can be done under those tasks are set. Small UAV systems can be launched quickly during the day or night to provide accurate situational awareness. They can also monitor borders, protect citizens, monitor utility assets, or find lost and distressed people. The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency is developing a series of naval vessels capable of launching and recycling combat drones, eliminating the need for an aircraft carrier. The drone also ensured that the body bag without "public opinion sensitivity" was shipped back. This also means that the seemingly bright and safe blows enable the United States to remain in the war on the ground without personnel who are beyond the scope of the Congress. “When a K-Max helicopter first delivered an sling-suspended food, ammunition and medicine to an unspecified base, NATO logistics personnel reached an important milestone in Afghanistan and reached out to a robot war. "The Holy Grail," said strategy writer Clay Dillow. In the future, drones will also assume the role of a low-value test platform. They will serve as a bridge between “wind tunnels and a variety of high-risk technology manned flight testsâ€. The drone group will dominate the future sky. Coordinating flying group of drones, able to pollinate crops, monitor traffic flow, or implement saturation strikes.
Today, it has become a stable trend for countries to equip their armed forces with various drones. The reason is not that drones are a fashionable topic today, nor that the highest level is talking about drones, but that the development of current and future technologies enables drones to successfully perform what the previous troops and equipment could not achieve. Features. For example, drones show high performance when performing reconnaissance and surveillance tasks. The drone has become an "airborne eye" that enables ground operators to track and monitor the development of conditions in a predetermined area or on a predetermined route in real time.
The ability of drones to perform combat missions has increased dramatically over the years.
The number of drones is correspondingly increasing.
For example, according to the plan of the Pentagon, the number of UAVs equipped by the US military will increase by three times in the next 30 years.
The main advantage of drones is that they are unmanned, so the lives of military personnel are not threatened by the complexity and difficulty of the tasks performed by drones, which is recognized by experts. UAVs can operate in radioactive and chemically contaminated areas. No complicated crew life support system is required. The drone can be sacrificed at any time in times of crisis. Because of these advantages, drones are gradually becoming available with many manned aircraft. The development experience of small UAVs in the world proves that after 15-20 years, small UAVs may perform most of the tasks currently performed by manned aircraft, except for certain special tasks, such as transporting casualties.
At the same time, foreign military experts are not completely absolute about the future military drones. For example, in 2003, the US Army conducted a comparative study of the capabilities of UAVs and RAH-66 Comanche future Army reconnaissance helicopters. During the comparative test, it was found that the drone can only be effectively completed: 67% of the battlefield reconnaissance mission, 50% of the military alert mission, and 25% of the combat destruction mission. Therefore, the conclusion is that the UAV cannot completely replace the Army Aviation Armed Helicopter, and it can only be used as a supplement to the latter's ability.
Despite the objective results of field trials, drones have been placed on high hopes.
The reason has already been said: drones are simple, cheap, and the risk to life is smaller, which means that drones are more efficient.
Source: "Weapons and Equipment Research Selected" International Defense Science and Technology Series (2015, No. 5, No. 15) The Management Research Center of China Electronics Science Research Institute compiled / picture from the original report or the Internet.
Selected Works of Weapons and Equipment
Part I: US Aircraft Research Report
Selected Works of Weapons and Equipment
Part II: Foreign AWACS Research Report
Foreign AWACS Research Report (1): Development History + Early Warning Aircraft Map
Foreign AWACS Research Report (II): US E-3 Series "Wanglou" Early Warning Aircraft
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